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常言道“一日之計在于晨”，我們從小就被教育要養成早起的好習慣。一直以來，愛早起被認為是性格使然，亦或是與后天養成的自律有關。但最近一項研究指出，習慣早睡早起，與人的性格特質無關，是體內基因的“功勞”。這項研究有什么新發現？古人類的DNA如何影響現代人的生物鐘？一起來聽今天的講解。
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本篇課程首發于2024年1月10日
英文原文
Are You a Morning Person? You Might Want to Thank Your Neanderthal Genes
你喜歡早起嗎？你可能得感謝你的尼安德特人基因
By Aylin Woodward
Are You a Morning Person? You Might Want to Thank Your Neanderthal Genes
Whether you're a morning person has long been tied to personality, but new research suggests DNA inherited from our extinct Neanderthal cousins ups the chance we're early risers.
你喜歡早起嗎？你可能得感謝你的尼安德特人基因
長期以來，人們一直把是否喜歡早起與性格特質緊密聯系在一起。但是，新的研究顯示，從人類已經滅絕的近親“尼安德特人”那里遺傳而來的DNA，提高了我們喜歡早起的概率。
Our circadian rhythms—the biological clocks inside our cells that time when we sleep and wake—are linked to countless genes. Now researchers say they have found that bits of genetic code passed down to some of us from Neanderthals relate to our sleeping habits in the present day. The study was published in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution.
晝夜節律，即細胞內的生物鐘，決定著我們何時入睡、何時睡醒，與大量的基因息息相關?，F在，研究人員表示，他們發現從尼安德特人那里繼承而來的一些遺傳密碼，與我們今天的睡眠習慣有著密切聯系。這項研究發表在《基因組生物學與進化》期刊上。
"We've found many Neanderthal variants that consistently associate with a propensity for being a morning person," said Tony Capra, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of California and co-author of the new work. "Their effects are in the context of hundreds of other genes, but it is suggestive there is something meaningful about this."
加利福尼亞大學進化遺傳學家、該項新研究的共同作者托尼·卡普拉（Tony Capra）表示：“我們發現，尼安德特人的多種基因變體一直都與早起傾向有關。盡管它們是在其他數百種基因共同作用下才產生影響的，但研究顯示這仍有重要意義?！?br>
Modern humans of European or Asian descent inherited about 2% of their genetic material from Neanderthals. The study authors identified 246 genes associated with circadian rhythms, and found that dozens of those genes had variants that differed between modern humans and Neanderthals. They found that people who had specific variants from Neanderthals had self-reported their preference for waking up early by selecting the descriptors "definitely a 'morning' person" or "more a 'morning' than 'evening' person."
有歐洲或亞洲血統的現代人從尼安德特人那里繼承了約2%的遺傳基因。這項研究的作者發現有246個基因與晝夜節律密不可分，其中有數十個基因變體在現代人和尼安德特人之間存在差異。他們發現，擁有尼安德特人特定基因變體的人會顯示出早起傾向，他們自我描述稱“絕對是一個愛早起的人”，或是“比起晚睡，更喜歡早起”。
生詞好句
1.(be) tied to
When something is "tied to" another thing, it means they are connected or linked in some way.
拓展:
His success is tied to his hard work and creativity.
他的成功與他的勤奮和創新緊密相關。
The software problems are tied to some incorrect coding and programming.
這款軟件的問題與一些不正確的編碼、編程有關。
2.(to) up the chance (of something)
It is used to say that we can make something more likely or more possible, or something seems more likely.
拓展:
I don't think the simple plan will work, but we can up the chance of success if we use a different method.
我認為這個簡單的計劃不會奏效，但如果我們使用不同的方法，或許可以增加成功的機會。
We are not sure if the new medicine works or not, but this new study really ups the chance of proving its positive effects.
我們不確定這種新藥是否有效，但這項新研究確實增加了證明其有效性的機率。
3.an early riser
An "early riser" is a person who naturally wakes up and starts their day early in the morning.
拓展:
My grandmother is an early riser. She wakes up at 5 AM every day.
我的奶奶是個愛早起的人，她每天早上5點起床。
Being an early riser allows you to enjoy the sound of birds singing in the morning.
早起可以使你享受到小鳥啁啾。
4.countless
英 [?ka?ntl?s]美 [?ka?ntl?s]
adj. It means too many to be counted or so many that it's difficult to give a number; or to express "lots of something".
拓展:
I've told you countless times to tidy up your bedroom.
我已經告訴過你無數次要整理你的臥室了。
She received countless messages of support after the accident.
事故發生后，她收到了無數條支持信息。
5.in the present day
It means the current time or the time period we are living in now.
拓展:
In the present day, technology plays a significant role in our lives.
當今，技術在我們的生活中扮演著重要的角色。
The challenges we face in the present day are quite different from those of the past.
我們當下面臨的挑戰與過去大不相同。
6.a propensity for
If someone has a propensity for something/doing something, it means they have a natural habit or tendency to do that thing.
拓展:
She has a propensity for breaking cups and plates when she washes dishes.
洗碗時，她有打碎杯盤的習慣。
Our teacher has a propensity to give low scores when he marks our writing.
老師在給我們的作文打分時，總喜歡打低分。
7.in the context of
It is used to explain something within a specific situation. We often use it when we talk about a smaller thing as part of a bigger thing.
拓展:
We need to think about these individual numbers in the context of the whole research experiment.
我們需要在整個研究實驗的背景下思考這些個別數字。
The problem isn't so bad when we look at it in the context of the wider economic situation.
當我們從更廣泛的經濟形勢下來看這個問題時，它并沒有那么糟糕。
8.meaningful
英 [?mi?n??fl]美 [?mi?n??fl]
adj. It describes something that is important, or has lots of real or deep meaning.
拓展:
The film had such a meaningful ending; it brought tears to her eyes.
這部電影結局十分有意義，使她熱淚盈眶。
Giving a meaningful gift often matters more than the price of the gift.
送一份有意義的禮物往往比其價格更重要。
9.dozens of
It means a large but not-given number. It originally meant twelve (a dozen) or many groups of twelve. But nowadays in modern English, we just mean many, especially more than twenty.
拓展:
She has dozens of books on her shelves.
她書架上有幾十本書。
Dozens of people were queueing up to buy tickets.
許多人在排隊買票。
10.a preference for
Having "a preference for" something means you like or choose one thing over another. We often use it with 'over': to have a preference for one thing over another thing.
拓展:
He has a preference for tea over coffee in the morning.
他早上喜歡喝茶，不喜歡喝咖啡。
I have a preference for sweet food over spicy food.
比起辣的食物，我更喜歡甜食。
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